1Flood planning zone: In Flood Zone 3 — check defences and insurance
Flood Zone 3 can affect insurance costs even where flood defences protect the area.
Get an insurance quote and ask the conveyancer for a flood search.
71 Island Row, London, E14 7HU
Last sale£700,000Aug 2022 · HM Land Registry
If it moved with Tower Hamlets terrace prices£609,000Aug 2026 · UK HPI
Flood planning zoneIn Flood Zone 3 — check defences and insurance
EnergyEPC DJun 2020
MapN ↑119 m ↔
Before you offer
1 thing to check
＋ Flood risk very low · Outside coal high-risk area · Not in a higher-radon area · EPC D
Not covered here yet: conservation area, listed buildings nearby, article 4 direction, tree protection, road noise, rail noise, airport noise. Your conveyancer’s local search covers the planning checks.
Prepare for a viewing ↓Saved privately on this devicePrice
If it moved with Tower Hamlets terrace prices
£609,000
How does the asking price compare?
This home’s sale history
| Sold | Price | Type | Tenure | Record |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aug 2022 | £700,000 | Terraced | Freehold | A |
| Apr 2010 | £414,000 | Terraced | Freehold | A |
| Mar 2003 | £330,000 | Terraced | Freehold | A |
| Aug 2001 | £290,000 | Terraced | Freehold | A |
| Jun 1999 | £205,000 | Terraced | Freehold | A · New build |
Street sales
Same type and tenure, other homes in the last 36 months: £832,000 · 1 sales
| Address | Sold | Price | Type | Tenure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 72 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 2026 | £832,000 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 67 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Nov 2025 | £420,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 48 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Oct 2025 | £453,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 55 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 2025 | £450,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 31 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Nov 2024 | £312,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 72 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Aug 2023 | £785,000 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 37 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Dec 2022 | £375,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 64 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Dec 2022 | £470,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
Show all 163
| Address | Sold | Price | Type | Tenure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 60 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Dec 2022 | £483,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 42 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Sep 2022 | £400,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 71 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Aug 2022 | £700,000 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 35 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 2022 | £420,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 46 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 2022 | £390,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 54 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 2021 | £500,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 62 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 2021 | £487,500 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 30 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jan 2021 | £350,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 50 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Dec 2020 | £532,500 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 49 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Oct 2020 | £388,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 55 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Oct 2020 | £499,999 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 63 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Aug 2020 | £505,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 38 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 2020 | £460,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 44 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Dec 2019 | £515,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 37 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jul 2019 | £355,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 29 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Nov 2018 | £445,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 48 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Aug 2018 | £500,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 76 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Nov 2017 | £840,000 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 59 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Aug 2017 | £420,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 74 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 2016 | £790,000 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 45 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Oct 2015 | £495,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 29 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Aug 2015 | £345,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 25 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 2015 | £390,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 24 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 2015 | £380,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 60 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 2015 | £450,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 55 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jul 2014 | £425,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 34 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jan 2014 | £329,999 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 46 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Dec 2013 | £325,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 62 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Dec 2013 | £438,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 2A Island Row, London, E14 7HX | Dec 2013 | £635,000 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 27 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Sep 2013 | £297,500 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 39 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Sep 2013 | £320,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 31 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 2013 | £290,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 44 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 2013 | £365,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 61 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Feb 2013 | £355,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 69 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Dec 2012 | £375,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 68 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jul 2012 | £315,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 22 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Oct 2011 | £244,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 23 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jul 2011 | £306,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 41 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 2011 | £290,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 72 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 2011 | £470,000 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 65 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Oct 2010 | £322,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 62 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Aug 2010 | £310,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 71 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 2010 | £414,000 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 55 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 2010 | £335,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 64 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 2010 | £301,500 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 63 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jan 2010 | £308,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 45 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Dec 2009 | £308,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 74 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Nov 2009 | £420,000 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 33 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 2009 | £200,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 29 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 2008 | £345,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 58 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Nov 2007 | £357,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 2A Island Row, London, E14 7HX | Sep 2007 | £450,000 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 25 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Sep 2007 | £295,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 33 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Aug 2006 | £249,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 70 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Aug 2006 | £347,500 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 39 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jul 2006 | £267,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 55 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jul 2006 | £280,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 44 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 2006 | £280,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 38 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 2006 | £249,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 49 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 2006 | £225,500 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 36 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jan 2006 | £249,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 31 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Nov 2005 | £225,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 60 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Sep 2005 | £269,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 24 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Sep 2005 | £230,750 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 57 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Sep 2005 | £250,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 69 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Sep 2005 | £305,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 40 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Aug 2005 | £215,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 37 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Aug 2005 | £204,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 24 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jul 2005 | £205,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 50 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 2005 | £260,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 28 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Feb 2005 | £209,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 62 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Oct 2004 | £270,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 47 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 2004 | £280,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 40 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 2004 | £192,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 54 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Nov 2003 | £250,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 27 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Sep 2003 | £196,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 51 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jul 2003 | £262,500 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 39 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 2003 | £250,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 71 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 2003 | £330,000 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 49 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Dec 2002 | £197,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 67 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Oct 2002 | £290,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 48 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jul 2002 | £250,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 58 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 2002 | £235,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 34 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 2002 | £194,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 65 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jan 2002 | £250,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 35 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jan 2002 | £230,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 30 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Dec 2001 | £180,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 70 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Nov 2001 | £225,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 71 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Aug 2001 | £290,000 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 30 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 2001 | £217,950 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 56 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 2001 | £207,500 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 38 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 2001 | £227,500 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 37 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Dec 2000 | £137,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 69 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Dec 2000 | £200,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 43 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 2000 | £148,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 21 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 2000 | £154,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 24 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Nov 1999 | £131,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 66 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Sep 1999 | £170,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 25 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Sep 1999 | £135,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 70 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Aug 1999 | £180,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 72 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Aug 1999 | £200,000 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 65 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Aug 1999 | £185,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 68 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jul 1999 | £197,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 60 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jul 1999 | £172,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 67 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jul 1999 | £181,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 73 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 1999 | £190,000 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 71 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 1999 | £205,000 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 69 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 1999 | £195,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 79 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 1999 | £245,000 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 54 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 1999 | £160,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 58 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 1999 | £182,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 61 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 1999 | £159,750 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 62 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 1999 | £177,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 74 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 1999 | £218,995 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 47 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Jun 1999 | £180,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 59 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 1999 | £151,695 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 51 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 1999 | £180,496 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 48 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 1999 | £154,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 56 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 1999 | £156,600 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 57 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 1999 | £144,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 55 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 1999 | £147,500 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 53 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 1999 | £148,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 52 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 1999 | £147,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 50 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 1999 | £183,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 49 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 1999 | £128,245 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 41 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 1999 | £150,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 46 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 1999 | £127,795 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 45 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 1999 | £149,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 39 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 1999 | £137,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 43 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 1999 | £123,500 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 38 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 1999 | £158,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 42 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 1999 | £139,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 37 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 1999 | £112,745 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 36 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 1999 | £132,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 40 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 1999 | £114,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 27 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Apr 1999 | £111,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 63 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 1999 | £172,500 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 30 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 1999 | £114,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 64 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 1999 | £170,332 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 22 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 1999 | £112,096 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 31 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 1999 | £125,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 33 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 1999 | £121,750 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 26 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 1999 | £134,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 29 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 1999 | £133,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 32 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 1999 | £149,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 34 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 1999 | £120,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 24 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 1999 | £109,995 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 35 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 1999 | £144,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 28 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 1999 | £250,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 21 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Mar 1999 | £105,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 23 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Feb 1999 | £137,500 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
| 76 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Dec 1998 | £242,995 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 79 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | Sep 1998 | £247,995 | Terraced | Freehold |
| 25 Island Row, London, E14 7HU | May 1998 | £125,000 | Flat / maisonette | Leasehold |
The land
Flood planning zone: In Flood Zone 3 — check defences and insurance
Flood Zone 3 can affect insurance costs even where flood defences protect the area.
Get an insurance quote and ask the conveyancer for a flood search.
＋ Flood risk very low · Outside coal high-risk area · Not in a higher-radon area
Not covered here yet: conservation area, listed buildings nearby, article 4 direction, tree protection. Your conveyancer’s local search covers the planning checks.
View building and land map ↑The building
EPC D
Poor insulation or an EPC E–G rating can mean higher heating bills.
Read the full certificate and ask about insulation and heating costs.
- Floor area
- 90 m²
- Potential EPC band
- B
- Age band
- England and Wales: 1996-2002
- Walls (certificate wording)
- Cavity wall, as built, insulated (assumed)
- Roof (certificate wording)
- Pitched, insulated (assumed)
- Windows (certificate wording)
- Fully double glazed
- Heating (certificate wording)
- Boiler and radiators, mains gas
- Building height
- Unavailable
Living
Broadband in the area
Postcode residential gigabit coverage: 80.6%
Full fibre in the local authority: 81.7%
Schools nearby
- Cyril Jackson Primary SchoolPrimary · 250 m · Not judged
- Sir William Burrough Primary SchoolPrimary · 303 m · Not judged
- Stepney Greencoat Church of England Primary SchoolPrimary · 342 m · Good
- The Hamlet School343 m · Standards maintained
- Cayley Primary SchoolPrimary · 651 m · School remains Good
- Stebon Primary SchoolPrimary · 813 m · Outstanding
- Halley Primary SchoolPrimary · 819 m · Good
- St Paul With St Luke CofE Primary FederationPrimary · 834 m · Standards maintained
- Peter Hills with St Mary's and St Paul's CofE Primary SchoolPrimary · 846 m · Good
- Mayflower Primary SchoolPrimary · 911 m · School remains Outstanding
- Marion Richardson Primary SchoolPrimary · 936 m · Outstanding
- Our Lady and St Joseph Catholic Primary SchoolPrimary · 937 m · School remains Good
- Stepney All Saints Church of England Secondary SchoolSecondary · 940 m · School remains Outstanding
- Bygrove Primary SchoolPrimary · 1020 m · Outstanding
- St Paul's Way Trust SchoolAll-through · 1023 m · Good
- Mulberry Stepney Green Mathematics and Computing CollegeSecondary · 1037 m · School remains Good
- Redriff Primary, City of London AcademyPrimary · 1054 m · Outstanding
- Lansbury Lawrence Primary SchoolPrimary · 1153 m · Outstanding
- Bacon's CollegeSecondary · 1160 m · Good
- Ben Jonson Primary SchoolPrimary · 1161 m · Good
- New City College16 plus · 1178 m
- St Saviour's Church of England Primary SchoolPrimary · 1250 m · Standards maintained
- Bishop Challoner Catholic SchoolSecondary · 1266 m · Good
- Solebay Primary - A Paradigm AcademyPrimary · 1328 m · Outstanding
- St John's Roman Catholic Primary SchoolPrimary · 1334 m · Not judged
- St Mary and St Michael Primary SchoolPrimary · 1392 m · School remains Good
- Queen Mary University of London1415 m
- Beatrice Tate School1417 m · School remains Outstanding
- Alice Model Nursery SchoolNursery · 1444 m · School remains Outstanding
- Blue Gate Fields Junior SchoolPrimary · 1461 m · Good
- Blue Gate Fields Infants' SchoolPrimary · 1461 m · Standards maintained
- Alfred Salter Primary SchoolPrimary · 1468 m · School remains Good
- Mazahirul Uloom London School1472 m
Area context
Deprivation decile (1 is most deprived within its nation): 6 · England 2025
Recorded police incidents: 400
E14 7HU →Before you offer
Viewing checklist
Saved privately on this device
Refresh the saved facts when you return. No email alerts are sent.
Next steps
Ask a surveyor to confirm Level 2 or Level 3 after reviewing the age, condition and alterations.
Ask the conveyancer about local authority, drainage, environmental, flood and mining searches appropriate to this address.
Compare survey levels →Questions for the agent
Questions for your surveyor and conveyancer
Ask the surveyor
Which survey level covers this home’s condition, damp, cracks and any alterations?
Ask the conveyancer
Which title, drainage and local searches are needed for this address?
- Flood planning zone: Get an insurance quote and ask the conveyancer for a flood search.
Sources and licences
Contains British Geological Survey materials © UKRI 2026
Radon Potential classification UK Health Security Agency © Crown copyright 2022
© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2026. All rights reserved.
INSPIRE conditions · Sources and licences